Chapter 7 – Movement organised by women, students & Marginal people in 20th century India: Characteristics and Analyses

WBBSE Class 10 History Movements by Women Students Marginal People Questions and Answers

Content Structure

1. Multiple choice questions and answers (MCQs)
2. Very short-type questions and answers
- 2A. Fill in the blanks
- 2B. True or false
- 2C. Very short-type questions and answers
3. Short-type questions and answers
4. Analytical questions and answers
5. Explanatory questions and answers

1. Multiple choice questions and answers (MCQs) [1 mark each]

1. In which year was the Independent Scheduled Caste Party formed?
a) 1932
b) 1934
c) 1936
d) 1942

Ans: c) 1936

2. Who introduced the Matua religion?
a) Guruchand Thakur
b) Harichand Thakur
c) B. R. Ambedkar
d) Jogendranath Mandal

Ans: b) Harichand Thakur

3. Which conference witnessed a sharp difference of opinion between Gandhi and Ambedkar on Dalit rights?
a) First Round Table Conference
b) Second Round Table Conference
c) Third Round Table Conference
d) Lahore Conference

Ans: b) Second Round Table Conference

4. Who is regarded as the Father of Namasudra Renaissance?
a) Harichand Thakur
b) Guruchand Thakur
c) Jogendranath Mandal
d) Rasiklal Biswas

Ans: b) Guruchand Thakur

5. Where did the Namasudra movement first start?
a) Calcutta
b) Faridpur
c) Midnapore
d) Murshidabad

Ans: b) Faridpur

6. Who formed the Independent Scheduled Caste Party?
a) Mahatma Gandhi
b) B. R. Ambedkar
c) Jyotiba Phule
d) Harichand Thakur

Ans: b) B. R. Ambedkar

7. The Matua movement was mainly related to which community?
a) Brahmins
b) Namasudras
c) Rajputs
d) Kayasthas

Ans: b) Namasudras

8. The Namasudra movement mainly demanded:
a) Political independence
b) Social equality and educational opportunities
c) Military training
d) Industrial development

Ans: b) Social equality and educational opportunities

9. The Matua religion emphasised:
a) Ritual sacrifices
b) Equality and devotion
c) Military training
d) Trade activities

Ans: b) Equality and devotion

10. Which leader demanded separate electorates for the Dalits?
a) Mahatma Gandhi
b) B. R. Ambedkar
c) Jawaharlal Nehru
d) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Ans: b) B. R. Ambedkar

11. The Namasudra movement was mainly a movement for:
a) Political rights only
b) Social reform and dignity
c) Religious conversion
d) Economic trade

Ans: b) Social reform and dignity

12. The Namasudra movement mainly developed in which region?
a) Punjab
b) Bengal
c) Maharashtra
d) Gujarat

Ans: b) Bengal

13. Who founded the Matua movement?
a) Guruchand Thakur
b) Harichand Thakur
c) B. R. Ambedkar
d) Jogendranath Mandal

Ans: b) Harichand Thakur

14. Which organisation was formed by B. R. Ambedkar in 1942?
a) Scheduled Caste League
b) All India Scheduled Caste Federation
c) Depressed Classes Association
d) Dalit Sabha

Ans: b) All India Scheduled Caste Federation

15. Which community was associated with the Matua religious movement?
a) Kayastha
b) Brahmin
c) Namasudra
d) Rajput

Ans: c) Namasudra

2. Very short-type questions and answers

2A. Fill in the blanks [1 mark each]

1. The Matua religion was introduced by __________. (Harichand Thakur)
2. The Matua religious movement was mainly associated with the __________ community. (Namasudra)
3. __________ Thakur is regarded as the Father of the Namasudra Renaissance. (Guruchand)
4. The All India Scheduled Caste Federation was formed in __________. (1942)
5. The Bengal Namasudra Association was established in __________. (1912)
6. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar demanded __________ electorates for the Dalits. (separate)
7. The Independent Scheduled Caste Party was formed in the year __________. (1936)

2B. True or false [1 mark each]

1. Harichand Thakur introduced the Matua religion. (True)
2. Guruchand Thakur worked for the educational upliftment of the Namasudras. (True)
3. The Independent Scheduled Caste Party was formed by Mahatma Gandhi. (False)
4. The Namasudra movement started in Punjab. (False)
5. The Matua movement supported caste discrimination. (False)
6. The Bengal Namasudra Association was established in 1912. (True)
7. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for Dalits. (True)

2C. Very short-type questions and answers [1 mark each]

1. When was the partition of Bengal annulled?
Ans: The partition of Bengal was annulled in 1911.

2. What is the full name of ‘Gandhi’?
Ans: The full name of Gandhi is Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.

3. In which year did the Chauri Chaura incident take place?
Ans: The Chauri Chaura incident took place in the year 1922.

4. In which year was Chhatri Sangha established and where?
Ans: Chhatri Sangha was established in 1928 in Calcutta.

5. Name two women leaders associated with the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal.
Ans: Sarala Devi Chaudhurani and Basanti Devi were two women leaders associated with the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal.

6. With which organisation was Leela Nag associated?
Ans: Leela Nag was associated with the Dipali Sangha.

7. Name two revolutionary secret societies of Bengal.
Ans: Anushilan Samity and Jugantar were two revolutionary secret societies of Bengal.

8. In which year did the Quit India Movement start?
Ans: The Quit India Movement started in the year 1942.

9. In which year was Bengal partitioned?
Ans: Bengal was partitioned in the year 1905.

10. In which year and where was Deepali Sangha established?
Ans: Deepali Sangha was established in 1923 in Dacca.

11. Who was the editor of the paper ‘Jayasree’?
Ans: Leela Nag was the editor of the paper ‘Jayasree’.

12. Who gave the call ‘Do or Die’?
Ans: Mahatma Gandhi gave the call “Do or Die”.

13. In which year was the Civil Disobedience Movement started?
Ans: The Civil Disobedience Movement was started in the year 1930.

14. When was the Quit India Resolution adopted by the Congress?
Ans: The Quit India Resolution was adopted by the Congress on 8 August 1942.

15. What is meant by ‘Do or Die’?
Ans: “Do or Die” meant that Indians should either achieve independence or sacrifice their lives in the struggle for freedom.

16. With which movement was Usha Mehta associated?
Ans: Usha Mehta was associated with the Quit India Movement.

17. Name some Muslim women who took part in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Ans: Begum Rokeya and Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz were some Muslim women who took part in the Civil Disobedience Movement.

18. In which year was the Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed?
Ans: The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed in 1931.

19. In which year was the Civil Disobedience Movement withdrawn?
Ans: The Civil Disobedience Movement was withdrawn in 1934.

3. Short-type questions and answers [2 marks each]

1. Why did the women of Bengal observe ‘Arandhan’ on 16th October 1905?
Ans: The women of Bengal observed Arandhan (a day of fasting and not cooking) on 16th October 1905 to protest against the partition of Bengal. They treated the day as a day of mourning to show their grief and opposition to the British decision, and to express unity among the people of Bengal.

2. What role did Sarala Devi Chaudhurani play in the Anti-Partition Movement?
Ans: Sarala Devi Chaudhurani played an important role in the Anti-Partition Movement of Bengal. She encouraged the spirit of nationalism among the people by organising patriotic meetings and promoting the use of Swadeshi goods. She also inspired the youth through physical training and nationalist songs, which helped strengthen the movement against the partition of Bengal.

3. What was Carlyle Circular?
Ans: The Carlyle Circular was an order issued by the British government in 1905 to control and suppress the participation of students in the Swadeshi Movement. It warned students that they would face punishment, expulsion from schools and colleges if they took part in political activities.

4. Why was the ‘Lakshmir Bhandar’ set up?
Ans: Lakshmir Bhandar was set up during the Swadeshi Movement to promote the use of indigenous goods. It encouraged people, especially women, to use and sell Swadeshi products instead of foreign goods. The organisation aimed to strengthen the economic base of the nationalist movement.

5. What were the works undertaken by Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar?
Ans: The Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar was a parallel national government formed during the Quit India Movement in the Tamluk region of Bengal. It organised local administration, maintained law and order, ran arbitration courts, collected funds for the movement, and arranged relief and social welfare activities for the people.

6. What role did Matangini Hazra play in the August Movement of 1942?
Ans: Matangini Hazra actively participated in the Quit India Movement of 1942. She led a procession of freedom fighters towards the Tamluk police station while carrying the national flag. During the protest she was shot by the British police, but she continued to chant patriotic slogans until her death, becoming a symbol of courage and sacrifice.

7. In which year was Deepali Students’ Sangha established? Name some of the important leaders of the Sangha.
Ans: The Deepali Students’ Sangha was established in 1926 as a branch of the Deepali Sangha to organise girl students. Important leaders associated with the Sangha included Leela Nag and Kalpana Datta, who worked to spread nationalist ideas and encourage women to take part in the freedom movement.

8. Why is Nanibala Devi remembered?
Ans: Nanibala Devi is remembered for her courageous participation in the revolutionary movement against British rule. She helped revolutionary activists by giving them shelter and support. For her involvement in revolutionary activities, she was arrested by the British government and became one of the earliest women political prisoners in India.

9. Who set up the ‘Voice of Freedom’ and why?
Ans: The Voice of Freedom was set up by Usha Mehta during the Quit India Movement in 1942. It was an underground radio station that broadcast messages to encourage people to continue the struggle against British rule and to spread information about the movement.

10. What role did Khairunnisa play in the Swadeshi Movement?
Ans: Khairunnisa actively supported the Swadeshi Movement by encouraging the use of indigenous goods and participating in nationalist activities. She helped spread the message of Swadeshi among Muslim women and motivated them to take part in the movement against the partition of Bengal.

11. Who was called Gandhi Buri? Why was she famous?
Ans: Matangini Hazra was popularly known as Gandhi Buri. She became famous for her fearless participation in the freedom struggle and for sacrificing her life during the Quit India Movement while leading a procession with the national flag.

12. What was the ‘Dandi March’?
Ans: The Dandi March was a historic protest led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930 against the British salt law. Gandhi marched from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal village of Dandi and symbolically broke the salt law by making salt from seawater, which marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

13. What is the meaning of the word ‘Swadeshi’?
Ans: The word Swadeshi means the use of goods produced in one’s own country and the rejection of foreign goods. It aimed to promote indigenous industries and strengthen the national economy.

14. What were the objectives of the Anti-Circular Society?
Ans: The Anti-Circular Society was formed to oppose the Carlyle Circular issued by the British government. Its objective was to protect students’ rights, encourage them to participate in nationalist activities, and continue the Swadeshi Movement without fear of British repression.

15. What were the main aims or objectives of the Deepali Sangha?
Ans: The main objectives of the Deepali Sangha were to organise women and encourage their participation in the nationalist movement. It aimed to spread education among women, develop leadership qualities, promote physical training and discipline, and inspire women to work for India’s independence.

16. What were the objectives behind the establishment of Dawn Society?
Ans: The Dawn Society was established to promote national education and spread nationalist ideas among the youth. It aimed to develop moral values, encourage scientific and intellectual growth, and inspire students to work for the progress and independence of India.

17. What is the meaning of the word ‘boycott’?
Ans: The word boycott means the deliberate refusal to use, buy, or deal with certain goods, institutions, or services as a form of protest. During the freedom movement it referred to refusing British goods and institutions.

18. Which day was observed as the ‘Rakhi Bandhan Day’ and why?
Ans: 16th October 1905 was observed as Rakhi Bandhan Day. On this day people tied rakhis on each other’s wrists to show unity and brotherhood among Hindus and Muslims in protest against the partition of Bengal.

19. Write a note on Corridor Warfare.
Ans: Corridor Warfare was a guerrilla strategy used by revolutionary groups during the freedom struggle. It involved sudden attacks on British officials or government institutions followed by quick escape through secret routes or narrow paths. This method helped revolutionaries avoid direct confrontation with the stronger British forces.

20. Who formed the All India Scheduled Caste Federation and when?
Ans: The All India Scheduled Caste Federation was formed by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar in 1942. The organisation was created to represent the political interests of the Scheduled Castes and to fight for their social, educational, and political rights. It aimed to unite the Dalit community and provide them with proper representation in government and public life.

21. Who established Bal Samaj? What was its objective?
Ans: Bal Samaj was established by Bhagini Nivedita. Its objective was to inspire young boys with patriotic ideas, encourage physical training, and prepare them to serve the nation.

22. What role did the Mitra Mela play in the revolutionary movement in Maharashtra?
Ans: Mitra Mela was a secret revolutionary organisation founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. It played an important role in spreading revolutionary ideas among the youth, organising them against British rule, and encouraging armed struggle for India’s independence.

23. Why was February 11 celebrated as the Rashid Ali Day?
Ans: February 11 was celebrated as Rashid Ali Day to protest against the British government for sentencing revolutionary Rashid Ali to death. The day was observed with demonstrations and meetings to express solidarity with the revolutionary movement.

24. What was the programme of the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Ans: The programme of the Non-Cooperation Movement included the boycott of foreign goods, law courts, government schools and colleges, and legislative councils. People were encouraged to surrender British titles and honours and to promote Swadeshi goods, national education, and peaceful protests against British rule.

25. What was the route of the Dandi March?
Ans: The Dandi March started from Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad and passed through several villages in Gujarat before reaching the coastal village of Dandi, covering a distance of about 240 miles. This march became a powerful symbol of resistance against British rule.

4. Analytical Questions and Answers [4 marks each]

1. How did women participate in the armed revolutionary movement?
Ans: Women played an important and courageous role in the armed revolutionary movement against British rule. Their participation helped revolutionary groups continue their activities secretly and effectively.

Helping Revolutionaries: Many women gave shelter to revolutionaries in their homes and protected them from the British police. They also provided food, money, and other necessary support to help them continue their activities.
Carrying Secret Messages: Women often carried secret letters and messages between revolutionary groups. Since the British police suspected women less, they could move more freely and safely pass important information.
Transporting Weapons: Some women helped in secretly carrying arms, ammunition, and other materials needed for revolutionary attacks. They transported these items from one place to another without attracting attention.
Direct Participation in Attacks: A few brave women directly joined revolutionary actions against British officials and institutions. They took great risks and showed strong determination in the fight for independence.
Famous Women Revolutionaries: Women like Pritilata Waddedar, Kalpana Datta, and Bina Das became well known for their bravery and dedication. Their courage inspired many others to join the freedom struggle.

2. Explain the role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Ans: Women played an important role in the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–1934). Many women actively joined the national struggle under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. Their contributions were as follows:

Participation in Protests: Many women came out of their homes and joined protests, meetings, and demonstrations.
Picketing of Shops: Women picketed liquor shops and foreign cloth shops to discourage people from buying British goods.
Promotion of Swadeshi: They encouraged the use of Swadeshi goods and the boycott of foreign products.
Joining Processions and Arrests: Many women took part in processions and willingly courted arrest.
Inspiring Leadership: Women leaders like Sarojini Naidu, Basanti Devi, and Kamala Nehru inspired many others to participate in the freedom movement.

3. What was the role of Pritilata Waddedar in the armed revolutionary movement?
Ans: Pritilata Waddedar was one of the most courageous women revolutionaries who took part in the armed struggle against British rule.

Member of Surya Sen’s Group: She was a member of the revolutionary group led by Surya Sen, also known as Masterda, who organised revolutionary activities in Chittagong.
Participation in Revolutionary Activities: Pritilata actively took part in secret meetings, planning of attacks, and other revolutionary activities carried out by the group.
Attack on Pahartali European Club: In 1932, she led a group of revolutionaries in an attack on the Pahartali European Club in Chittagong. The club had a sign that insulted Indians, which made it a target of the revolutionaries.
Martyrdom and Sacrifice: After carrying out the attack successfully, she consumed poison to avoid being captured by the British police. Her sacrifice made her a symbol of courage and patriotism in the freedom movement.

4. What was the role of students in the Anti-Partition Movement?
Ans: Students played a very active and enthusiastic role in the Anti-Partition Movement of Bengal in 1905, which protested against the partition of Bengal by the British government.

Organising Meetings and Processions: Students organised public meetings and joined large protest processions to show their opposition to the partition of Bengal.
Spreading the Idea of Swadeshi: They spread the message of Swadeshi (use of Indian goods) and boycott of foreign goods among people in towns and villages.
Boycott of Government Schools and Colleges: Many students refused to attend government schools and colleges as a protest against British policies.
Support for National Education: Students supported the establishment of national schools and colleges where Indian culture and values were promoted.
Encouraging Use of Swadeshi Goods: They encouraged people to use locally made goods and reject British products, which helped strengthen the nationalist movement.

5. Write a note on the Deepali Sangha.
Ans: The Deepali Sangha was a women’s organisation founded in 1923 in Dacca by Leela Nag. Its main aim was to organise women and encourage them to participate in the nationalist movement. The organisation promoted women’s education, physical training, and social awareness. It also inspired young women to develop courage and leadership qualities so that they could contribute to India’s freedom struggle.

6. What was the role of Anushilan Samity in Bengal?
Ans: Anushilan Samity was one of the earliest and most influential revolutionary organisations in Bengal.

Aim to Overthrow British Rule: The main aim of the organisation was to end British colonial rule in India through armed struggle and revolutionary activities.
Training of Young Revolutionaries: The Samity trained young men in physical exercise, discipline, and secret revolutionary work so that they could prepare themselves for the struggle against British authority.
Organisation of Secret Groups: It organised secret groups of revolutionaries who planned attacks on British officials and government institutions.
Participation in Revolutionary Actions: Members of the Samity were involved in several bomb attacks and assassination attempts against British officers who were known for their harsh policies.
Spread of Revolutionary Ideas: The organisation played an important role in spreading nationalist and revolutionary ideas among students and young people in Bengal.

7. What was the Alipore Bomb Case?
Ans: The Alipore Bomb Case (1908) was one of the most important revolutionary trials in the history of the Indian freedom struggle.

Bomb Attack at Muzaffarpur: The case was related to a bomb attack carried out by revolutionaries on a British judge, Kingsford, at Muzaffarpur. The attack was intended to punish him for his harsh treatment of nationalists.
Involvement of Revolutionary Organisations: The attack was organised by members of the revolutionary group Anushilan Samity, who were actively planning actions against British officials.
Arrest of Revolutionaries: After the incident, the British police arrested several revolutionaries, including Aurobindo Ghosh and Barindra Kumar Ghosh, on charges of conspiracy and revolutionary activities.
The Trial at Alipore Court: The trial was conducted in Alipore, Calcutta, and lasted for a long time, attracting great public interest across the country.
Importance in the Freedom Struggle: The Alipore Bomb Case became a significant event in the revolutionary movement and increased public sympathy for the revolutionaries fighting against British rule.

8. What happened in the revolutionary movement in Bengal during the First World War?
Ans: During the First World War (1914–1918), revolutionary activities in Bengal increased as many groups tried to overthrow British rule.

Activities of Revolutionary Organisations: Revolutionary groups such as Jugantar and Anushilan Samity organised secret meetings and planned armed actions against British officials and government institutions.
Collection of Arms and Ammunition: Revolutionaries attempted to collect weapons and explosives secretly, sometimes with the help of Indian revolutionaries living abroad and foreign supporters.
Plan to Organise Uprising: The revolutionaries believed that since Britain was busy fighting the war in Europe, it would be a good opportunity to organise a large armed rebellion in India.
British Government Suppression: The British authorities discovered many of these revolutionary plans and took strict action by arresting leaders and banning revolutionary organisations.
Influence on Nationalism: Even though many of these attempts failed, the revolutionary activities during the war strengthened nationalist feelings and inspired many young people to join the freedom struggle.

5. Explanatory Questions and Answers [8 marks each]

1. What was the role of women in the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Ans: Women played a very important role in the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920. Their participation helped to spread the movement widely and strengthened the nationalist struggle against British rule.

Participation in Meetings and Processions: Many women attended public meetings, joined protest marches, and participated in demonstrations organised against British rule. Their presence made the movement more visible and powerful.
Boycott of Foreign Goods: Women encouraged people to boycott foreign cloth and other British goods. They promoted the use of Swadeshi products such as khadi to support Indian industries.
Picketing of Shops: Women stood in front of liquor shops and foreign cloth shops to persuade people not to buy British goods. These peaceful protests helped weaken the economic influence of the British.
Spreading Nationalist Ideas: Women spread the message of nationalism and self-reliance among their families, neighbours, and communities, encouraging people to support the movement.
Encouraging Public Participation: Women’s participation in the movement inspired many others, including men and young people, to join the struggle for independence.
Courting Arrest: Many women showed great courage by willingly courting arrest and facing imprisonment for participating in protests and disobeying British laws.
Leadership of Prominent Women: Women leaders such as Sarojini Naidu, Basanti Devi, and Kasturba Gandhi played an important role in motivating and guiding women to participate in the nationalist movement.
Promotion of Khadi and Swadeshi: Women actively participated in spinning khadi and producing Swadeshi goods, which symbolised economic independence from British rule.
Strengthening the National Movement: The large-scale participation of women gave new strength and energy to the Non-Cooperation Movement and helped transform it into a mass movement.

2. What was the role of women in the Anti-Partition Movement? What were its limitations?
Ans: Women played an important role in the Anti-Partition Movement of Bengal in 1905, which started in protest against the decision of the British government to divide Bengal. Their participation helped spread nationalist ideas and strengthened the Swadeshi Movement.

Participation in the Swadeshi Movement: Women actively supported the movement by boycotting foreign goods and encouraging the use of Swadeshi products made in India.
Organising Meetings and Cultural Activities: Many women organised meetings in homes and neighbourhoods, sang patriotic songs, and encouraged people to support the nationalist cause.
Participation in Rakhi Bandhan Ceremony: Women tied rakhi as a symbol of unity and brotherhood between Hindus and Muslims to oppose the division of Bengal.
Observance of Arandhan: Women observed Arandhan, a custom of not cooking food for a day, to express their protest against the partition.
Promotion of Swadeshi Goods: Many women helped produce and sell Swadeshi items such as hand-woven cloth and handicrafts to encourage people to reject foreign goods.
Spreading Nationalist Ideas: Women spread the message of nationalism within their families and communities, influencing many people to support the movement.
Inspiring Public Participation: Their involvement made the movement more popular and encouraged wider public participation.
Limitations – Participation Limited to Elite Women: Most of the participating women belonged to educated and upper-class families living in cities.
Social Restrictions: Traditional social customs and conservative attitudes prevented many women from participating in public political activities.
Limited Participation from Rural Areas: Women from rural areas and lower social classes had very little opportunity to join the movement.

3. Why is Matangini Hazra remembered?
Ans: Matangini Hazra is remembered as a brave and devoted freedom fighter who sacrificed her life for India’s independence. Her courage and dedication during the national movement made her a respected and inspiring figure in the history of the Indian freedom struggle.

Participation in the National Movement: Matangini Hazra actively participated in several nationalist movements against British rule and supported the struggle for India’s independence.
Role in the Civil Disobedience Movement: Matangini Hazra took part in the Civil Disobedience Movement and followed the non-violent methods of protest inspired by Mahatma Gandhi.
Leadership in the Quit India Movement: Matangini Hazra became one of the leading figures in the Quit India Movement of 1942 in Bengal.
Leading a Protest March: Matangini Hazra led a large procession of freedom fighters towards the Tamluk police station in Midnapore while carrying the national flag.
Courage in Old Age: Her participation in the protest despite her old age showed her great courage and determination.
Police Firing on Protesters: The British police opened fire on the peaceful procession in order to stop the protesters.
Martyrdom for the Nation: Matangini Hazra was shot several times by the police but she continued to move forward while holding the national flag.
Patriotic Spirit: Matangini Hazra continued chanting patriotic slogans such as “Vande Mataram” even after being seriously injured.
Symbol of Courage and Sacrifice: Her bravery and sacrifice made her a symbol of courage and inspiration in the Indian freedom struggle.

4. What was the role of women in the armed revolutionary movement?
Ans: Women played an important and courageous role in the armed revolutionary movement in India during the 20th century. Their participation proved that women were equally committed to the struggle for independence and were ready to face dangers for the country.

Support to Revolutionary Groups: Many women secretly supported revolutionary organisations that aimed to overthrow British rule through armed struggle.
Providing Shelter to Revolutionaries: Women often provided shelter, food, and protection to revolutionaries who were hiding from the British police.
Carrying Secret Messages: Women carried confidential letters and messages between revolutionary groups, helping them communicate without attracting suspicion.
Transporting Weapons and Materials: Some women helped transport arms, ammunition, and other materials needed for revolutionary attacks.
Direct Participation in Revolutionary Activities: A few brave women directly took part in revolutionary actions against British officials and government institutions.
Challenging Social Restrictions: Women’s participation challenged traditional social customs that limited women’s roles in public life.
Examples of Brave Women Revolutionaries: Women such as Pritilata Waddedar, Kalpana Datta, and Bina Das became famous for their courage and dedication to the freedom struggle.
Encouraging Other Women: Their brave actions inspired many other women to join nationalist and revolutionary movements.
Strengthening the Freedom Struggle: The participation of women gave new strength and inspiration to the revolutionary movement and made the struggle for independence more powerful.

5. Give an account of the role played by women during the Quit India Movement.
Ans: Women played a very active and courageous role in the Quit India Movement of 1942, which demanded the immediate withdrawal of British rule from India. Their participation helped continue the movement and strengthened the struggle for independence.

Continuation of the Movement After Arrests: The arrest of many national leaders by the British government created a leadership gap, and women came forward to continue the movement and organise protests.
Participation in Demonstrations and Processions: Many women organised and joined protest meetings, demonstrations, and public processions to express their opposition to British rule.
Support for Strikes and Protests: Women supported strikes and other forms of protest in towns and villages to resist colonial authority.
Underground Activities: Women secretly helped the movement by maintaining communication among freedom fighters and organising resistance against the British administration.
Distribution of Pamphlets and Messages: Many women distributed pamphlets, leaflets, and secret messages to spread nationalist ideas and inform people about the movement.
Providing Shelter to Freedom Fighters: Women provided shelter, food, and support to revolutionaries who were hiding from the British police.
Leadership of Brave Women: Women leaders such as Matangini Hazra and Usha Mehta played heroic roles and inspired many others to participate in the movement.
Underground Radio Broadcasting: Usha Mehta helped operate a secret radio station called the “Voice of Freedom,” which broadcast nationalist messages and encouraged people to continue the struggle.
Strengthening the National Movement: The active participation of women showed their courage and determination and greatly strengthened the Quit India Movement.

6. Why is Bina Das remembered?
Ans: Bina Das is remembered as a courageous revolutionary who showed remarkable bravery in opposing British rule in India. Her bold actions against colonial authority made her an important figure in the history of the Indian freedom struggle.

Participation in Revolutionary Activities: Bina Das joined revolutionary groups that believed in armed struggle to overthrow British rule in India.
Attempt to Assassinate the Governor: Bina Das made a daring attempt in 1932 to assassinate Stanley Jackson, the Governor of Bengal, as a protest against British oppression.
Attack at Calcutta University: Bina Das fired several shots at the Governor during the convocation ceremony at Calcutta University to protest against colonial injustice.
Purpose of Her Action: Her revolutionary act aimed to draw public attention to the injustice, repression, and exploitation faced by Indians under British rule.
Arrest by British Authorities: The British police arrested Bina Das immediately after the attack and charged her with attempting to murder the Governor.
Punishment and Imprisonment: The British government sentenced Bina Das to a long term of imprisonment for her revolutionary action.
Symbol of Resistance: Her fearless act made Bina Das a powerful symbol of resistance against British colonial rule.
Inspiration for the Youth: Her bravery inspired many young Indians to develop courage and participate in the struggle for independence.

7. Why is Kalpana Datta remembered?
Ans: Kalpana Datta is remembered as a brave woman revolutionary who played an important role in the armed struggle against British rule in India. Her courage and dedication made her one of the notable women revolutionaries in the Indian freedom movement.

Association with Chittagong Revolutionary Group: Kalpana Datta was closely associated with the revolutionary group led by Surya Sen (Masterda) in Chittagong. This group organised several revolutionary activities against the British government.
Participation in Revolutionary Activities: Kalpana Datta actively took part in secret revolutionary activities. She helped in planning actions and assisted other revolutionaries in their mission against British rule.
Role in the Chittagong Armoury Raid: She participated in the famous Chittagong Armoury Raid of 1930, which aimed to capture British armouries, seize weapons, and weaken the control of the British administration.
Support in Underground Activities: Kalpana Datta helped the revolutionaries during their underground phase by providing support, maintaining communication, and helping them avoid arrest.
Arrest by British Authorities: The British government later arrested Kalpana Datta because of her involvement in revolutionary activities against the colonial administration.
Punishment and Imprisonment: The British court sentenced her to imprisonment for participating in the revolutionary movement.
Contribution to the Freedom Struggle: Her actions showed that women were also ready to take part in dangerous revolutionary activities for the independence of India.
Symbol of Courage: Kalpana Datta’s bravery and dedication made her an inspiring figure in the history of India’s revolutionary movement.

8. Why is Surya Sen remembered?
Ans: Surya Sen, popularly known as Masterda, is remembered as one of the greatest revolutionary leaders of the Indian freedom struggle. His leadership and courage inspired many young revolutionaries to fight against British rule.

Leader of the Chittagong Revolutionary Group: Surya Sen organised and led a group of young revolutionaries in Chittagong who were determined to overthrow British rule through armed struggle.
Planning the Chittagong Armoury Raid: Surya Sen planned the famous Chittagong Armoury Raid in 1930, which became one of the most important revolutionary actions against the British government.
Aim of the Raid: The aim of the raid was to capture British armouries, seize weapons, destroy communication systems, and weaken British administration in the region.
Initial Success of the Revolutionaries: The revolutionaries successfully seized weapons and disrupted communication systems, which temporarily challenged British authority in Chittagong.
Organisation of Revolutionary Activities: Surya Sen trained and guided young revolutionaries and encouraged them to dedicate their lives to the freedom struggle.
British Government Crackdown: The British government launched a strong crackdown on the revolutionaries and started an extensive search to capture Surya Sen and his associates.
Arrest of Surya Sen: The British police eventually captured Surya Sen after a long search with the help of an informer.
Execution by the British Government: The British government executed Surya Sen in 1934 for his revolutionary activities.
Symbol of Revolutionary Courage: Surya Sen’s bravery, sacrifice, and leadership made him a legendary figure in India’s revolutionary movement.

9. What was the role of students in the Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements?
Ans: Students played a very active and energetic role in both the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) and the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930). Their enthusiasm and participation helped spread nationalist ideas and strengthened the struggle against British rule.

Boycott of Government Educational Institutions: Many students left government schools and colleges in response to the call given by Mahatma Gandhi during the Non-Cooperation Movement. This boycott was a protest against British control over education.
Joining National Educational Institutions: Students joined newly established national schools and colleges that aimed to promote Indian culture, nationalist values, and independent education free from British influence.
Organising Meetings and Processions: Students organised public meetings, protest marches, and demonstrations to spread awareness about the movement and encourage people to oppose British rule.
Promotion of Swadeshi Goods: Students encouraged people to use Swadeshi goods such as khadi and other locally made products and to boycott foreign goods.
Participation in Civil Disobedience Movement: During the Civil Disobedience Movement, students again participated actively in protests, demonstrations, and campaigns against unjust British laws.
Distribution of Nationalist Literature: Students distributed pamphlets, leaflets, and other nationalist writings to spread political awareness among the people.
Encouraging Public Participation: Students inspired people from different sections of society to participate in the national movement and support the cause of independence.
Role in Political Awareness: Student participation helped increase political awareness among the youth and educated sections of society.
Strengthening the Freedom Struggle: The active involvement of students gave new energy to the national movement and played an important role in strengthening the struggle for independence.

10. What was the role of Bengal Volunteers in the revolutionary movement?
Ans: Bengal Volunteers was an important revolutionary organisation formed by young nationalists in Bengal to fight against British rule through armed struggle. The organisation played a significant role in carrying out revolutionary activities against the British administration during the early 20th century.

Formation of the Organisation: Bengal Volunteers was formed by a group of young revolutionaries in Bengal who were determined to oppose British oppression and work for India’s independence.
Objective of the Organisation: The main aim of the organisation was to challenge British authority and encourage people to resist colonial rule through revolutionary actions.
Participation of Young Nationalists: Many patriotic young men and students joined the organisation and dedicated themselves to the cause of national freedom.
Attacks on British Officials: Members of Bengal Volunteers carried out several attacks on British officials who were known for their oppressive policies and harsh treatment of Indians.
Famous Revolutionary Actions: Some members of the organisation were involved in important revolutionary actions, including the assassination of British officials who were responsible for repression in Bengal.
Creating Fear Among British Authorities: These revolutionary actions created fear among the colonial administration and showed that Indians were ready to resist British rule.
Secret Revolutionary Activities: Members of the organisation held secret meetings and planned revolutionary activities to avoid detection by the British police.
Training of Youth: The organisation trained young revolutionaries in discipline, physical exercise, and the use of weapons to prepare them for revolutionary activities.
Contribution to the Revolutionary Movement: The activities of Bengal Volunteers became an important part of the armed revolutionary movement in Bengal and inspired many young people to join the struggle for independence.