Chapter 6 – Cell division and Cell Cycle

Need a simple way to prepare this chapter for your exam? The topic Cell Division and Cell Cycle is very important for your WBBSE Class 10 exam. Here, you will get important questions and answers in easy English. These questions are selected from important topics and exam patterns. This will help you learn clearly, revise faster, and score good marks in your exam.

Content Structure

  • 1. Multiple choice questions and answers (MCQs)
  • 2. Very short-type questions and answers
    • 2A. Fill in the blanks
    • 2B. True or false
    • 2C. Match the column
    • 2D. Single word questions and answers
  • 3. Short-type questions and answers
  • 4. Long-type questions and answers

1. Multiple choice questions and answers (MCQs)

1. Which of the following is not an organelle of a cell?
(a) Mitochondria
(b) Chlorophyll
(c) Nucleus
(d) Centrosome

Ans: (b) Chlorophyll

2. The term ‘chromosome’ was coined by-
(a) Darwin
(b) Lamarck
(c) Waldeyer-Hartz
(d) Robert Hook

Ans: (c) Waldeyer-Hartz

3. At which region of a chromosome is the centromere situated?
(a) Primary constriction
(b) Telomere
(c) Satellite
(d) Secondary constriction

Ans: (a) Primary constriction

4. The number of types of histone proteins present in chromosomes are-
(a) Three
(b) Five
(c) Two
(d) Six

Ans: (b) Five

5. The chromosome, whose centromere is located at the middle, is known as-
(a) Telocentric chromosome
(b) Acrocentric chromosome
(c) Metacentric chromosome
(d) Sub-metacentric chromosome

Ans: (c) Metacentric chromosome

6. Chromosome in human somatic cells are-
(a) Haploid
(b) Diploid
(c) Triploid
(d) Tetraploid

Ans: (b) Diploid

7. The nitrogenous base, that is absent in RNA molecule, is called-
(a) Guanine
(b) Thymine
(c) Adenine
(d) Cytosine

Ans: (b) Thymine

8. Which of the following is not a structural component of DNA?
(a) Dexyribose sugar
(b) Uracil base
(c) Thymine base
(d) Phosphoric acid

Ans: (b) Uracil base

9. Number of chromatids present in a chromosome is-
(a) 6
(b) 2
(c) 4
(d) 8

Ans: (b) 2

10. Number of chromosomes in a human germ cell is-
(a) 10
(b) 50
(c) 23
(d) 46

Ans: (c) 23

11. Number of autosomes in human somatic cell in-
(a) 44
(b) 23
(c) 22
(d) 46

Ans: (a) 44

12. Number of autosomes in human germ cell is-
(a) 44
(b) 23
(c) 46
(d) 22

Ans: (d) 22

13. Ratio of autosomes and X chromosome in the somatic cell of a female is-
(a) 44:1
(b) 23:1
(c) 44:2
(d) 44:0

Ans: (c) 44:2

14. Ratio of autosomes and Y chromosome in the somatic cell of a female is-
(a) 44:2
(b) 44:1
(c) 23:1
(d) 44:0

Ans: (d) 44:0

15. Ratio of autosomes and X chromosome in the somatic cell of a male is-
(a) 44:2
(b) 44:1
(c) 23:1
(d) 44:0

Ans: (b) 44:1

16. The point on primary constriction of a chromosome that joins with a spindle fibre during cell division, is-
(a) Centromere
(b) Chromomere
(c) Centrosome
(d) Chromatid

Ans: (a) Centromere

17. The main structural protein that forms the chromosome is eukaryotic cells is-
(a) Albumin
(b) Histone
(c) Globulin
(d) Keratin

Ans: (b) Histone

18. The term ‘gone’ was coined in 1909 by-
(a) Farmer
(b) Remak
(c) Pasteur
(c) Johannsen

Ans: (c) Pasteur

19. The nitrogenous base absent in DNA is –
(a) Cytosine
(b) Uracil
(c) Adenine
(d) Guanine

Ans: (b) Uracil

20. Percentage of DNA present in a chromosome is-
(a) 50%
(b) 90%
(c) 100%
(d) 33.3%

Ans: (a) 50%

21. The end portion of a chromosome is called-
(a) Chromosome
(b) Telomere
(c) Chromatid
(d) Centromere

Ans: (b) Telomere

22. A purine nitrogenous base is-
(a) Adenine
(b) Cytosine
(c) Uracil
(d) Thymine

Ans: (a) Adenine

23. Which of these is not a pyrimidine nitrogenous base?
(a) Uracil
(b) Cytosine
(c) Guanine
(d) Thymine

Ans: (c) Guanine

24. In 1840, the process amitosis was first described by-
(a) Moore
(b) Robert Remak
(c) Walther Flemming
(d) Strasburger

Ans: (b) Robert Remak

25. The term ‘mitosis’ was first coined by-
(a) Boveri
(b) Moore
(c) Remak
(d) Walther Flamming

Ans: (d) Walther Flamming

26. Cell-cycle is broadly divided into-
(a) Three phases
(b) Six phases
(c) Two phases
(d) Four phases

Ans: (c) Two phases

27. The phase in which DNA replication occurs is called-
(a) G1 phase
(b) G2 phase
(c) G0 phase
(d) S phase

Ans: (d) S phase

28. Interphase is placed in between-
(a) Prophase and metaphase
(b) Metaphase and anaphase
(c) Telophase and prophase
(d) Anaphase and telophase

Ans: (c) Telophase and prophase

29. In which phase of cell cycle mitosis occurs?
(a) After G2 phase
(a) After G1 phase
(c) After S phase
(d) Before G2 phase

Ans: (a) After G2 phase

30. The phase of cell division is also called-
(a) equal division
(b) Multiple division
(c) Reduction division
(d) Unequal division

Ans: (a) equal division

31. The phase in between two successive cell divisions is called-
(a) Prophase
(b) Interphase
(c) Telophase
(d) Metaphase

Ans: (b) Interphase

32. Bacterial cell division is called-
(a) Amitosis
(b) Mitosis
(c) Meiosis
(d) Endomitosis

Ans: (a) Amitosis

33. The disease caused due to uncontrolled cell cycle is-
(a) Cancer
(b) Tuberculosis
(c) Malaria
(d) Cirrhosis

Ans: (a) Cancer

34. Which of the following is called direct cell division?
(a) Meiosis
(b) Mitosis
(c) Endomitosis
(d) Amitosis

Ans: (d) Amitosis

35. Which of the following helps in movement of chromosome during cell division?
(a) Spindle fibre
(b) Mitochondria
(c) Cytoplagm
(d) Ribosome

Ans: (a) Spindle fibre

36. Who coined the term amitosis?
(a) Robert Hook
(b) Strasuburger
(c) Walther Flemming
(d) Robert Remauk

Ans: (b) Strasuburger

37. Meiosis is-
(a) Equational division
(b) Multiple fission
(c) Unequal division
(d) reductional division

Ans: (d) reductional division

38. In which of the following cell can not divide?
(a) G1
(b) G2
(c) S
(d) G0

Ans: (d) G0

39. Mitotic cell division occurs in-
(a) Germ mother cell
(b) Male gamete
(c) Egg cell
(d) Somatic cell

Ans: (d) Somatic cell

40. Nucleolus of a dividing cell disappears in –
(a) Metaphase
(b) Telophase
(c) Prophase
(d) Anaphase

Ans: (c) Prophase

41. The longest phase of mitosis is-
(a) Metaphase
(b) Prophase
(c) Telophase
(d) Anaphase

Ans: (b) Prophase

42. Nucleolus of a dividing cell disappears in-
(a) Prophase
(b) Metaphase
(c) Anaphase
(d) Telophase

Ans: (a) Prophase

43. The term ‘karyokinesis’ was coined by-
(a) Lamarck
(b) Schleicher
(c) Darwin
(d) Johannsen

Ans: (b) Schleicher

44. The shortest phase of cell division is-
(a) Prophase
(b) Metaphase
(c) Anaphase
(d) Telophase

Ans: (c) Anaphase

45. The fourth phase of mitosis is called –
(a) Metaphase
(b) Telophase
(c) Prophase
(d) Anaphase

Ans: (b) Telophase

46. Crossing over occurs during –
(a) Meiosis-II
(b) Amitosis
(c) Meiosis -I
(d) Mitosis

Ans: (c) Meiosis -I

2. Very short-type questions and answers

2A. Fill in the blanks

1. __________ carries the characteristics features of any organism from one generation to the next.(Gene)
2. Gametes are ____________ in nature.(Haploid)
3. The ____________ is locked at the junction of two chromatids.(Centromere)
4. The terminal portion of chromosome is called ____________.(Telomere)
5. Nucleotide = Nucleoside + _____________(Phosphate)
6. Non-histone protein contain ____________ protein in high amount.(Acidic)
7. Production of DNA from a DNA is called ______________.(Replication)
8. Chromosome is the condensed coiled structure of _____________.(Chromatin)
9. The third phase of karyokinesis is called ________________.(Anaphase)
10. Cytokinesis of animal cell occurs by ________________.(Cleavage furrow)
11. Energy generated within mitochondria remains stored in ____________ molecules.(ATP)
12. Meiosis it is a __________ cell division.(Reductional)
13. _________ phase of cell division is called dormant phase.(G₀ phase)
14. Chromosomal movement is seen during ____________ stage.(Anaphase)
15. By the formation of ___________, cytokinesis occurs in plant cells.(Cell plate)
16. The X-shaped structure formed due to the crossing between two non-sister chromatids of a homologous chromosome pair is called ______________.(Chiasma)
17. The third phase of karyokinesis is called ______________.(Anaphase)
18. Chromosomes are arranged in equatorial line in _____________ phase.(Metaphase)
19. Gamete formation takes place by ___________ cell division.(Meiosis)
20. Number of chromosome is reduced in ___________ phase of meiosis I.(Anaphase I)

2B. True or false

1. DNA is a small organic molecule. (False)
2. Number of sex chromosomes in human somatic cells is 2. (True)
3. DNA is composed of ribose sugars. (False)
4. RNA is composed of deoxyribose sugars. (False)
5. Germ cells contain haploid number of chromosomes. (True)
6. In DNA, adenine is linked with guanine by hydrogen bonds. (False)
7. Mitotic cell division occurs in germ mother cell. (False)
8. Mitotic cell is known as equational division. (True)
9. Meiosis plays important role in alternation of generations. (True)
10. Chromosome number decreases in daughter cells after meiosis. (True)
11. G0 stage is seen in all somatic cells. (False)
12. Ribosome helps in protein synthesis. (True)
13. DNA is doubled in G₂ phase. (False)
14. Crossing over produces variation in organisms. (True)
15. Astral ray is formed in mitosis. (True)
16. Spindle fibre disintegrates in metaphase. (False)

2C. Match the column

1. Match the following items in List I with correct items in List II.

AB
1. KinetochoreA. Chromosome 15,21
2. SAT bodyB. Gene
3. JohannsenC. Secondary constriction
4. NORD. Cell division
5. DNAE. Genetically inactive
6. HeterochromatinF. Large organic molecule
G. Spindle formation

Ans:

AB (Answer)
1. KinetochoreG. Spindle formation
2. SAT bodyC. Secondary constriction
3. JohannsenB. Gene
4. NORA. Chromosome 15,21
5. DNAF. Large organic molecule
6. HeterochromatinE. Genetically inactive

2. Match the following items in List I with correct items in List II.

AB
1. Robert HookA. Supply energy for cell division
2. Schleiden and SchwannB. Membrane-less cell organelle
3. RibosomeC. Proponent of cell theory
4. CelluloseD. Component of cell wall
5. MitochondriaE. Discovery of cell
6. PhragmoplastF. Component of cell membrane
G. Plant cell

Ans:

AB (Answer)
1. Robert HookeE. Discovery of cell
2. Schleiden and SchwannC. Proponent of cell theory
3. RibosomeB. Membrane-less cell organelle
4. CelluloseD. Component of cell wall
5. MitochondriaA. Supply energy for cell division
6. PhragmoplastG. Plant cell

3. Match the following items in List I with correct items in List II.

AB
1. ProphaseA. Equatorial plate formation
2. MetaphaseB. Chromosomal movement
3. AnaphaseC. Reappearance of nucleolus
4. TelophaseD. Disappearance of nucleolus
5. G1 phaseE. Acidic protein
6. AmitosisF. Duplication of cell organelles
G. Direct division

Ans:

AB (Answer)
1. ProphaseD. Disappearance of nucleolus
2. MetaphaseA. Equatorial plate formation
3. AnaphaseB. Chromosomal movement
4. TelophaseC. Reappearance of nucleolus
5. G1 phaseF. Duplication of cell organelles
6. AmitosisG. Direct division

2D. Single word questions and answers

1. In which cells does cytokinesis occur by forming a cell plate?
Ans: Plant cells.

2. Which type of cell division increases the number of somatic cells?
Ans: Mitosis.

3. Where does mitosis take place?
Ans: Somatic cells.

4. If 2n = 18, what is the chromosome number of a mesophyll cell and a male gamete?
Ans: Mesophyll = 18; Gamete = 9.

5. In which type of cell division do nucleus and cytoplasm divide directly?
Ans: Amitosis.

6. What is the cell cycle?
Ans: The cell cycle is the cycle of growth and division of a cell.

7. What is the full form of DNA? Where is it found?
Ans: DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid. It is mainly found in the chromosomes of the nucleus.

8. What is mitosis?
Ans: Mitosis is a type of cell division in which one parent cell divides to form two genetically identical daughter cells having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

9. Why is mitosis called equational division?
Ans: Mitosis is called equational division because the chromosome number remains equal in the two daughter cells as in the parent cell.

10. Name the phases of mitosis.
Ans: The phases of mitosis are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

11. What is cytokinesis?
Ans: Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells after nuclear division.

12. Which amino acids are rich in histone proteins?
Ans: Lysine and Arginine.

13. Give one example of a haploid cell.
Ans: Sperm or ovum.

14. How many autosomes are present in a human sperm?
Ans: 22.

15. Name the nitrogen bases present in RNA.
Ans: A, G, C, U.

16. What is a kinetochore?
Ans: A protein structure on the centromere where spindle fibres join.

17. Who coined the term “chromosome”?
Ans: Waldeyer.

18. What is a karyotype?
Ans: The arrangement of all chromosomes of an organism.

19. Full form of RNA?
Ans: Ribonucleic Acid.

20. What is the structural unit of a chromosome?
Ans: Nucleosome.

21. Which structure attaches the chromosome to spindle fibres?
Ans: Kinetochore.

22. Name the two types of chromatin.
Ans: Euchromatin and Heterochromatin.

23. What is the process that forms new cells from an existing cell?
Ans: Cell division.

24. Which type of division occurs during binary fission of Amoeba?
Ans: Amitosis.

25. How many cells are formed after 5 mitotic divisions?
Ans: 32 cells.

26. What forms the spindle fibres in plant cells?
Ans: Microtubules (tubulin).

27. Name one substance that helps start cell division.
Ans: Cyclin.

28. Name two organic factors that initiate cell division.
Ans: Cyclins and CDKs.

29. What is karyokinesis?
Ans: It is the division of the nucleus.

30. What is cytokinesis?
Ans: It is the division of the cytoplasm.

31. DNA synthesis occurs in which phase?
Ans: S phase.

32. Which type of division shows no visible chromosomes?
Ans: Amitosis.

33. How many cells after 6 mitotic divisions?
Ans: 64.

34. Which is the longest and shortest phase of interphase?
Ans: Longest – G₁; Shortest – G₂.

35. Division in Amoeba?
Ans: Amitosis.

36. Which division helps in healing wounds?
Ans: Mitosis.

37. Where does mitosis occur?
Ans: Somatic cells.

38. Which division increases body cells?
Ans: Mitosis.

39. In which phase do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
Ans: Metaphase.

40. Which regions form the spindle in plant cells?
Ans: Microtubule-organizing regions (MTOCs).

41. What happens if the centrosome is absent?
Ans: Spindle formation becomes abnormal.

42. In lower plants, meiosis occurs in which structure?
Ans: Sporangia.

43. Where do spindle fibres attach?
Ans: Kinetochore.

44. Crossing over occurs in which stage?
Ans: Pachytene of Prophase I.

45. Which components help cytokinesis in plant cells?
Ans: Golgi vesicles.

46. Spindle fibres form during which phase?
Ans: Prophase.

47. Non-disjunction occurs in which phase?
Ans: Anaphase.

48. Which protein forms spindle fibres?
Ans: Tubulin.

49. Name the 5 sub-phases of Prophase I.
Ans: Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Diakinesis.

3. Short-type questions and answers

1. Briefly describe cytokinesis in plant cells.
Ans: In plant cells, cytokinesis occurs by cell plate formation. Golgi vesicles collect at the centre of the cell, fuse together, and form a new cell wall, which separates the two daughter cells.

2. Why is meiosis called reduction division?
Ans: Meiosis is called reduction division as the chromosome number is reduced to half, changing diploid (2n) cells into haploid (n) cells.

3. Write a short note on the composition of a eukaryotic chromosome.
Ans: A eukaryotic chromosome is made of DNA wrapped around histone proteins. It also contains non-histone proteins. During interphase, it appears as a loose thread-like material called chromatin.

4. What is the relationship between a chromosome and a gene?
Ans: A chromosome contains many genes. Each gene is a specific segment of DNA that controls one hereditary trait.

5. Where is meiosis cell division seen?
Ans: Meiosis occurs in germ mother cells. In humans, it takes place in testes (to form sperm) and ovaries (to form ovum). In plants, it occurs in spore mother cells inside sporangia.

6. What is an autosome?
Ans: Autosomes are chromosomes that control normal body traits, not sex. Humans have 44 autosomes.

7. Meaning of homologous chromosomes.
Ans: A pair of chromosomes with the same size, shape, and type of genes—one from each parent.

8. What is NOR?
Ans: NOR (Nucleolar Organizer Region) is a chromosome region that helps in forming the nucleolus.

9. What is a secondary constriction?
Ans: A narrow region of a chromosome other than the centromere; it may form a satellite.

10. What is primary constriction?
Ans: The region of a chromosome where the centromere is located.

11. What are non-histone proteins?
Ans: Proteins in chromosomes other than histones; they help in gene regulation.

12. What is cell division?
Ans: Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides to form new cells, enabling growth, repair, and reproduction.

13. Significance of cell division.
Ans: Cell division helps in growth, repair of tissues, reproduction, and replacing old cells.

14. Name the phases of the cell cycle.
Ans: Interphase (G₁, S, G₂) and M phase.

15. What is mitotic division?
Ans: Mitotic division is the process in which one parent cell divides to form two genetically identical daughter cells, maintaining the chromosome number.

16. What is karyokinesis?
Ans: Karyokinesis is the division of the nucleus during cell division.

17. What is amitosis?
Ans: Amitosis is a simple direct type of cell division in which the nucleus and cytoplasm divide without spindle formation and without clear stages.

18. What are checkpoints?
Ans: Control points in the cell cycle that check for mistakes before moving to the next phase.

19. Significance of checkpoints.
Ans: They prevent errors, mutations, and cancer formation.

20. Why is mitosis called equational division?
Ans: Mitosis is called equational division because the chromosome number of the daughter cells remains the same as that of the parent cell.

21. What is metastasis?
Ans: Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant organs, forming secondary tumours.

22. What is spindle apparatus?
Ans: The spindle apparatus is a structure made of spindle fibres (microtubules) that helps in the movement and separation of chromosomes during cell division.

23. What is metaphase plate?
Ans: The metaphase plate is the imaginary central plane of the cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase.

24. What is synaptonemal complex?
Ans: It is a protein framework that holds homologous chromosomes together during synapsis in Prophase I.

25. Significance of crossing over.
Ans: Crossing over forms new gene combinations, increasing variation and enabling evolution.

26. What are stem bodies?
Ans: Stem bodies are the remnants of spindle fibres seen between two daughter cells during cytokinesis.

27. What are chiasmata?
Ans: Chiasmata are the points where non-sister chromatids cross over and exchange genetic material.

28. What is interkinesis?
Ans: Interkinesis is a short resting stage between Meiosis I and Meiosis II, without DNA replication.

4. Long-type questions and answers

1. Write short notes on nucleus.
Ans: The nucleus is the control center of a eukaryotic cell. It contains hereditary material (DNA) and regulates all cell activities such as growth, metabolism, reproduction, and protein synthesis. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane and contains nucleoplasm, chromatin, and nucleolus. It controls cell division and passes genetic information to daughter cells. Without a nucleus, a cell cannot function properly.

2. Describe the different parts of nucleus.
Ans:

Part of NucleusDescription / Function
(a) Nuclear membrane• Double-layered covering of nucleus
• Separates nucleus from cytoplasm
• Contains pores for movement of RNA and proteins
(b) Nucleoplasm• Jelly-like fluid inside nucleus
• Contains enzymes, nucleotides, salts, proteins
• Site for DNA replication and transcription
(c) Chromatin• Network of DNA and proteins
• Condenses into chromosomes during cell division
• Carries genes
(d) Nucleolus• Dense, dark structure inside nucleus
• Produces rRNA
• Helps in ribosome formation

3. Differences between Nucleus and Nucleolus.
Ans:

NucleusNucleolus
Large, membrane-bound organelle.Small, dense structure inside nucleus.
Controls all cell activities.Produces rRNA and ribosomes.
Contains chromatin and DNA.Contains RNA and proteins.
Has a double membrane.No membrane.
Visible always.Visible only in interphase.

4. Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Ans:

Prokaryotic CellEukaryotic Cell
No true nucleus; nucleoid present.True nucleus with nuclear membrane.
No membrane-bound organelles.Contains mitochondria, ER, Golgi, etc.
Small in size.Larger in size.
Primitive organization.Complex organization.
Example: Bacteria.Example: Plants and animals.

5. What is the prophase stage of mitosis? State its characteristics.
Ans: Prophase is the first and longest stage of mitosis.

Characteristics:

  1. Chromatin fibres condense into visible chromosomes.
  2. Each chromosome has two sister chromatids.
  3. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus begin to disappear.
  4. Centrosomes move to opposite poles.
  5. Spindle fibres start forming.

6. Importance of Centromere and Telomere.
Ans:

Centromere

  • Joins two chromatids.
  • Helps spindle fibres attach during cell division.
  • Controls movement of chromosomes to poles.

Telomere

  • End of chromosome.
  • Protects chromosome from damage.
  • Prevents loss of genetic material during replication.

7. Describe the chemical structure of chromosome.
Ans: A chromosome is made of:

  • (a) DNA – The genetic material carrying genes.
  • (b) Histone protein – Help DNA coil into nucleosomes.
  • (c) Non-histone protein – Control gene expression.
  • (d) RNA – Helps in protein synthesis and ribosome formation.

Thus, a chromosome is a DNA–protein complex called chromatin.

8. Differences between DNA and RNA.

DNARNA
Double-stranded.Single-stranded.
Sugar = deoxyribose.Sugar = ribose.
Bases: A, T, G, C.Bases: A, U, G, C.
Genetic material.Helps in protein synthesis.
Found mainly in nucleus.Found in cytoplasm & nucleus.

9. Role of cell division in growth, reproduction & repair.
Ans:

  • Growth: Mitosis increases the number of cells.
  • Repair: Damaged tissues are replaced by new cells.
  • Reproduction:
    • Asexual reproduction uses mitosis.
    • Sexual reproduction requires meiosis for gamete formation.
  • Maintenance: Old and dead cells are replaced.
  • Genetic stability: Mitosis keeps chromosome number constant.

10. Describe telophase in plant and animal cells.
Ans:

  • Chromosomes reach poles.
  • They uncoil into chromatin.
  • Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform.
  • Cytokinesis starts:
    • Animals: Cleavage furrow
    • Plants: Cell plate

11. “Meiosis is different from mitosis” – justify.
Ans:

  • Meiosis reduces chromosome number, mitosis does not.
  • Meiosis produces four haploid cells, mitosis produces two diploid cells.
  • Crossing over occurs in meiosis only.
  • Meiosis causes variation; mitosis produces identical cells.
  • Meiosis occurs only in germ cells; mitosis occurs everywhere.

12. What is meiosis? Explain its significance.
Ans: Meiosis is a type of cell division in which a diploid (2n) cell divides to form four haploid (n) cells, with the chromosome number reduced to half. It occurs in germ mother cells and helps in formation of gametes and in maintaining the chromosome number of a species.

Significance:

  • Produces gametes.
  • Maintains constant chromosome number.
  • Causes genetic variation through crossing over.
  • Helps evolution.
  • Essential for sexual reproduction.

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