Chapter 3 – Response and Chemical Co-ordination in Animal Hormones
Want to make this topic simple before your exam? The chapter Response and Chemical Coordination in Animals (Hormones) is important for your WBBSE Class 10 exam. On this page, you will get important questions and answers in very easy English. These questions are based on key topics and common exam patterns This will help you understand better, revise faster, and score good marks in your exam.
Content Structure
- 1. Multiple choice questions and answers (MCQs)
- 2. Very short-type questions and answers
- 2A. Fill in the blanks
- 2B. True or false
- 2C. Match the column
- 2D. Single word questions and answers
- 3. Short-type questions and answers
- 4. Long-type questions and answers
1. Multiple choice questions and answers (MCQs)
1. Which one is an endocrine gland?
(a) Salivary gland
(b) Liver
(c) Tear gland
(d) Thyroid
Ans: (d) Thyroid
2. Where is the pituitary gland located?
(a) Inside the brain
(b) Inside the skull
(c) At the base of the brain
(d) At the top of the brain
Ans: (c) At the base of the brain
3. Endocrine glands release hormones into the:
(a) Ducts
(b) Blood
(c) Tubes
(d) Stomach
Ans: (b) Blood
4. Which glands make hormones?
(a) Endocrine glands
(b) Exocrine glands
(c) Sweat glands
(d) Salivary glands
Ans: (a) Endocrine glands
5. Which gland produces both enzymes and hormones?
(a) Pancreas
(b) Thyroid
(c) Pituitary
(d) Adrenal
Ans: (a) Pancreas
6. Which gland is called the “master gland”?
(a) Pituitary
(b) Thyroid
(c) Pancreas
(d) Adrenal
Ans: (a) Pituitary
7. ACTH is produced by the:
(a) Adrenal gland
(b) Thyroid gland
(c) Pancreas
(d) Pituitary gland
Ans: (d) Pituitary gland
8. ADH is also known as:
(a) Adrenaline
(b) Insulin
(c) Glucagon
(d) Vasopressin
Ans: (d) Vasopressin
9. Diabetes mellitus occurs due to lack of:
(a) Glucagon
(b) Insulin
(c) Adrenaline
(d) ADH
Ans: (b) Insulin
10. Growth hormone is made by the:
(a) Thyroid
(b) Adrenal
(c) Pituitary
(d) Pancreas
Ans: (c) Pituitary
11. Emergency hormone is released from the:
(a) Thyroid
(b) Adrenal
(c) Pancreas
(d) Pituitary
Ans: (b) Adrenal
12. Which hormone is called the emergency hormone?
(a) Thyroxine
(b) Adrenaline
(c) Insulin
(d) Oxytocin
Ans: (b) Adrenaline
13. Which is not a trophic hormone?
(a) STH
(b) FSH
(c) LH
(d) ADH
Ans: (d) ADH
14. Insulin is produced by which cells of the pancreas?
(a) Alpha cells
(b) Beta cells
(c) Delta cells
(d) f-cells
Ans: (b) Beta cells
15. Which hormone lowers blood sugar?
(a) STH
(b) Thyroxine
(c) Adrenaline
(d) Insulin
Ans: (d) Insulin
16. Insulin is secreted from the:
(a) Pituitary
(b) Thyroid
(c) Kidney
(d) Pancreas
Ans: (d) Pancreas
17. Testosterone is produced by the:
(a) Testis
(b) Ovary
(c) Adrenal
(d) Thyroid
Ans: (a) Testis
18. ACTH acts on the:
(a) Adrenal gland
(b) Thyroid gland
(c) Pancreas
(d) Pituitary gland
Ans: (a) Adrenal gland
19. Chemical control in animals is done by:
(a) Blood
(b) Hormones
(c) Enzymes
(d) Lymph
Ans: (b) Hormones
20. Which gland is called the master gland?
(a) Brain
(b) Thyroid
(c) Pituitary
(d) Pancreas
Ans: (c) Pituitary
21. Low thyroxine in childhood causes:
(a) Goitre
(b) Myxoedema
(c) Acromegaly
(d) Cretinism
Ans: (d) Cretinism
22. Which hormone increases the body’s metabolic rate?
(a) Insulin
(b) Auxin
(c) ADH
(d) Thyroxine
Ans: (d) Thyroxine
23. Which hormone contains iodine?
(a) Oestrogen
(b) Insulin
(c) Adrenaline
(d) Thyroxine
Ans: (d) Thyroxine
24. ACTH is secreted from the:
(a) Pancreas
(b) Thyroid
(c) Adrenal gland
(d) Pituitary gland
Ans: (d) Pituitary gland
25. Which one is a mixed gland?
(a) Pancreas
(b) Kidney
(c) Thyroid
(d) Liver
Ans: (a) Pancreas
26. A hormone that stimulates another gland is called a:
(a) Local hormone
(b) Tropic hormone
(c) Paracrine hormone
(d) Ideal hormone
Ans: (b) Tropic hormone
27. Which hormone is not made by the ovary?
(a) Relaxin
(b) Progesterone
(c) Oestrogen
(d) Testosterone
Ans: (d) Testosterone
28. Leydig cells produce:
(a) LH
(b) Progesterone
(c) Oestrogen
(d) Testosterone
Ans: (d) Testosterone
29. Insulin is secreted by which cells?
(a) B-cells
(b) A-cells
(c) P-cells
(d) δ-cells
Ans: (a) B-cells
30. Glucagon is produced by which cells?
(a) y-cells
(b) b-cells
(c) a-cells
(d) δ-cells
Ans: (c) a-cells
31. Which hormone lowers blood sugar?
(a) TSH
(b) Adrenaline
(c) ACTH
(d) Insulin
Ans: (d) Insulin
32. Diabetes insipidus occurs due to low secretion of:
(a) ADH
(b) Insulin
(c) Excess ADH
(d) Excess insulin
Ans: (a) ADH
33. Which hormone increases blood pressure?
(a) Insulin
(b) Nor-adrenaline
(c) Dopamine
(d) Adrenaline
Ans: (d) Adrenaline
34. Which hormone is ketogenic?
(a) Insulin
(b) Progesterone
(c) Glucagon
(d) Oestrogen
Ans: (c) Glucagon
35. Which hormone increases systolic pressure?
(a) Insulin
(b) Nor-adrenaline
(c) Glucagon
(d) Adrenaline
Ans: (d) Adrenaline
36. Which one is a neurohormone?
(a) TSH
(b) T4
(c) GH
(d) GnRH
Ans: (d) GnRH
37. Which hormone is released in sudden fear or shock?
(a) Insulin
(b) Nor-adrenaline
(c) Thyroxine
(d) Adrenaline
Ans: (d) Adrenaline
38. Endocrine glands together form the:
(a) Exocrine system
(b) Circulatory system
(c) Duct gland system
(d) Endocrine system
Ans: (d) Endocrine system
39. Which one is a steroid hormone?
(a) Relaxin
(b) Insulin
(c) Villikinin
(d) Progesterone
Ans: (d) Progesterone
40. Which one is not a local hormone?
(a) TSH
(b) Histamine
(c) Gastrin
(d) Bradykinin
Ans: (a) TSH
41. Myxoedema in adults is caused by low secretion of:
(a) Prolactin
(b) Insulin
(c) Relaxin
(d) Thyroxine
Ans: (d) Thyroxine
42. Which hormone controls glucose metabolism?
(a) Insulin
(b) Thyroxine
(c) Glucagon
(d) All of these
Ans: (d) All of these
43. Which hormone helps in moulting of reptiles?
(a) Epinephrine
(b) Relaxin
(c) Thyroxine
(d) Insulin
Ans: (c) Thyroxine
44. Anti-ketogenic hormone is:
(a) Glucagon
(b) Thyroxine
(c) Insulin
(d) Oestrogen
Ans: (c) Insulin
45. Which hormone acts on the ovarian follicle?
(a) ICSH
(b) TSH
(c) FSH
(d) ACTH
Ans: (c) FSH
46. Which hormone comes from the middle part of the pituitary?
(a) GTH
(b) TSH
(c) ADH
(d) MSH
Ans: (d) MSH
47. Which hormone is made in the hypothalamus?
(a) TSH
(b) FSH
(c) ADH
(d) ACTH
Ans: (c) ADH
48. Which one is NOT a gonadotropic hormone (GTH)?
(a) LH
(b) ICSH
(c) GH
(d) FSH
Ans: (c) GH
49. Which hormone is released from the posterior pituitary?
(a) ADH
(b) STH
(c) FSH
(d) TSH
Ans: (a) ADH
50. Another name of ADH is:
(a) Oxytocin
(b) Vasopressin
(c) Relaxin
(d) Prolactin
Ans: (b) Vasopressin
51. FSH helps the ovary produce:
(a) ADH
(b) TSH
(c) ACTH
(d) Oestrogen
Ans: (d) Oestrogen
52. Which hormone acts opposite to insulin?
(a) ACTH
(b) Glucagon
(c) GTH
(d) TSH
Ans: (b) Glucagon
53. Which gland controls the release of thyroxine?
(a) Thyroid
(b) Adrenal
(c) Pituitary
(d) Pancreas
Ans: (c) Pituitary
2. Very short-type questions and answers
2A. Fill in the blanks
1. Glands that do not have ducts are called _________ glands. (Endocrine)
2. Excessive thirst is called _________ . (Polydipsia)
3. A fully grown ovary produces the hormone _________ . (Oestrogen)
4. In males, LH is also known as _________ . (ICSH)
5. Another name of ADH is _________ . (Vasopressin)
6. The part that joins the two lobes of the thyroid gland is called _________ . (Isthmus)
7. The hormone that controls thyroid gland activity is _________ . (TSH)
8. CRH controls the secretion of the hormone _________ . (ACTH)
9. Lack of iodine affects the production of the hormone _________ . (Thyroxine)
10. A swelling of the neck caused by iodine deficiency is called _________ . (Goitre)
11. Adrenaline is produced in the _________ part of the adrenal gland. (Medulla)
12. Thyroxine is an _________ -containing hormone. (Iodine)
13. The thyroid gland has _________ lobes. (Two)
14. The word _________ comes from the Greek word “hormao.” (Hormone)
15. A shortage of _________ causes an increase in blood sugar. (Insulin)
16. Low thyroxine causes _________ goitre. (Endemic)
2B. True or false
1. Ovary is a mixed gland. (False)
2. The pituitary gland is called the master gland. (True)
3. Adrenaline is called the calorigenic hormone. (False)
4. Insulin is made by the α-cells of the pancreas. (False)
5. Growth hormone helps a tadpole change into a frog. (False)
6. Iodine is needed to make thyroxine. (True)
7. Prolactin helps a mother make milk. (True)
8. Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary. (True)
9. Both ADH and oxytocin are released from the posterior pituitary. (True)
10. A person with diabetes insipidus passes a lot of dilute urine. (True)
2C. Match the column
1. Match the following items in List I with correct items in List II.
| A | B |
| 1. Hormone acting on renal tubule | A. Secretin |
| 2. Hormone secreted from pancreas | B. Prostaglandin |
| 3. Hormone available in most of the parts of human body | C. Insulin |
| 4. Hormone that was discovered first | D. Antidiuretic hormone |
| 5. Hormone that regulate skin pigmentation | E. Thyroxine |
| 6. Controls secretion of gonadotropin | F. MSH |
| G. GnRH |
Ans:
| A | B |
| 1. Hormone acting on renal tubule | D. Antidiuretic hormone |
| 2. Hormone secreted from pancreas | C. Insulin |
| 3. Hormone found in most parts of the body | B. Prostaglandin |
| 4. First hormone discovered | A. Secretin |
| 5. Hormone that regulates skin pigmentation | F. MSH |
| 6. Controls secretion of gonadotropins | G. GnRH |
2. Match the following items in List I with correct items in List II.
| A | B |
| 1. Anterior pituitary | A. Testosterone |
| 2. Posterior pituitary | B. Glucagon |
| 3. B cells of islets of Langerhans | C. Neurohypophysis |
| 4. a cells of islets of Langerhans | D. Adenohypophysis |
| 5. Leydig cells of testis | E. Thyroxine |
| 6. Follicular cell of thyroid | F. Insulin |
| | G. Progesterone |
Ans:
| A | B |
| 1. Anterior pituitary | D. Adenohypophysis |
| 2. Posterior pituitary | C. Neurohypophysis |
| 3. B-cells of islets of Langerhans | F. Insulin |
| 4. α-cells of islets of Langerhans | B. Glucagon |
| 5. Leydig cells of testis | A. Testosterone |
| 6. Follicular cells of thyroid | E. Thyroxine |
2D. Single word questions and answers
1. Which animal hormone was discovered first?
Ans: Secretin.
2. What is the other name of anterior pituitary?
Ans: Adenohypophysis.
3. What is the other name of posterior pituitary?
Ans: Neurohypophysis.
4. Write down the full form of ACTH.
Ans: Adrenocorticotropic hormone.
5. State the full form of ICSH.
Ans: Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone.
6. What is the full form of STH?
Ans: Somatotropic Hormone.
7. State the full form of FSH.
Ans: Follicle Stimulating Hormone.
8. State the full form of LH.
Ans: Luteinising Hormone.
9. State the full form of MSH.
Ans: Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone.
10. State the full form of GH.
Ans: Growth hormone
11. State the full form of GTH.
Ans: Gonadotropic Hormone.
12. State the full form of TSH.
Ans: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone.
13. Name the iodine-containing animal hormone.
Ans: Thyroxine.
14. Mention the site of secretion of gonadotropic hormone.
Ans: Pituitary hormone.
15. Which hormone is responsible for standing of body hair in case of panic?
Ans: Adrenaline.
16. Which female hormone helps in the development of embryo inside mother’s body?
Ans: Progesterone
17. Which hormone is responsible for husky male voice?
Ans: Testosterone.
18. Which hormone triggers heart palpitation in case of panic?
Ans: Adrenaline.
19. Which hormone helps in glycogenolysis?
Ans: Glucagon
20. Name a substance secreted from exocrine gland.
Ans: Seburn
21. Which hormone is also known as androgen?
Ans: Testosterone
22. What is the height of any matured individual suffering from cretinism?
Ans: Around 3ft.
23. Name the hormones secreted from testis.
Ans: Yestosterone.
24. Which hormones are secreted by ovary?
Ans: Oestrogen progestrone and relaxin are secreted by ovary.
3. Short-type questions and answers
1. Definition of metabolic process.
Ans: Metabolic process refers to all the chemical reactions that occur inside a living organism to maintain life. These include breaking down food to release energy and building up new materials for growth and repair. Metabolism supports all body functions like breathing, digestion, circulation, and cell activities.
2. Two examples of blood glucose–controlling hormones.
Ans:
• Insulin – decreases blood glucose by helping cells absorb sugar.
• Glucagon – increases blood glucose by breaking stored glycogen into glucose.
3. Which hormone is known as the calorigenic hormone?
Ans: Thyroxine is called the calorigenic hormone because it increases the rate of metabolism and heat production in the body.
4. How FSH works in female and male body?
Ans: In females, FSH helps in the growth and development of ovarian follicles (egg cells). In males, it stimulates the testes to produce sperm. It is essential for reproductive function in both sexes.
5. Full form of LH.
Ans: LH stands for Luteinizing Hormone. It plays a key role in ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males.
6. Who is known as the master of the master gland? How does it work?
Ans: The hypothalamus is called the “master of the master gland” because it controls the pituitary gland. It releases releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate pituitary secretions. Thus it indirectly controls all other endocrine glands.
7. What are Trophic hormones?
Ans: Trophic (or tropic) hormones are hormones that control the activity of other endocrine glands. Examples include TSH (acts on thyroid), ACTH (acts on adrenal), and FSH/LH (act on gonads). They maintain hormonal balance in the body.
8. Smallest endocrine gland in the human body.
Ans: The pineal gland is the smallest endocrine gland which located deep inside the brain and secretes melatonin, which controls sleep-wake cycles.
9. Names of trophic hormones.
Ans: Major trophic hormones include:
• TSH – stimulates thyroid
• ACTH – stimulates adrenal cortex
• FSH – stimulates gonads
• LH – stimulates gonads
10. Full form of ACTH.
Ans: ACTH stands for Adrenocorticotropic Hormone. It is a tropic hormone released by the anterior pituitary. Its main role is to stimulate the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones. This hormone is important for stress response and metabolism regulation.
11. Which hormone is known as the happy hormone?
Ans: Serotonin is commonly called the happy hormone which helps regulate mood, emotions, sleep, and appetite. Higher serotonin levels make a person feel calm and happy. It is mainly produced in the brain and digestive system.
12. Functions of FSH.
Ans: FSH helps in the development of ovarian follicles and maturation of eggs in females. In males, it stimulates the testes to produce sperm. It plays a major role in puberty and sexual development. It also maintains normal reproductive health in both sexes.
13. Functions of LH.
Ans: In females, LH triggers ovulation, the release of an egg from the ovary. It also helps in the formation of the corpus luteum which produces progesterone. In males, LH stimulates testes to release testosterone. Both functions are essential for reproduction.
14. Functions of TSH.
Ans: TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4) and T3. It helps regulate metabolism, body temperature, and energy levels. TSH also maintains the normal growth of the thyroid gland and controls its activity.
15. Functions of LTH.
Ans: LTH, also called prolactin or luteotropic hormone, stimulates milk production in the mammary glands after childbirth. It supports maternal behaviour in mothers and helps maintain the reproductive cycle in some animals.
16. Functions of ADH.
Ans: ADH helps the body conserve water by reducing urine formation. It increases water absorption in kidney tubules. ADH also keeps blood pressure stable by controlling the amount of water in the body.
17. Which one is known as the pineal gland?
Ans: The pineal gland is a tiny endocrine gland located deep in the brain. It produces melatonin, the hormone that controls sleep cycles. It is also known as the “third eye” because it responds to light and darkness.
18. Location of thyroid gland.
Ans: The thyroid gland is located in the front part of the neck, just below the voice box (larynx). It has two lobes connected by a thin middle portion called the isthmus. It lies on either side of the trachea.
19. Functions of thyroxine.
Ans: Thyroxine controls the body’s metabolism, helps regulate energy levels, and maintains body temperature. It is also important for growth, brain development, and proper functioning of organs. It influences protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism.
20. Describe the different types of thyroid hormones.
Ans: The thyroid mainly produces two hormones: T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine). T3 is more active, but T4 is produced in larger amounts. Both these hormones regulate metabolism and require iodine for their synthesis.
21. Name thyroid diseases.
Ans:
Common thyroid diseases include:
• Goitre – swelling of the thyroid
• Cretinism – in children due to lack of thyroxine
• Myxoedema – in adults due to low thyroxine
• Hyperthyroidism – excess thyroxine
• Hypothyroidism – low thyroxine
22. Which hormones are called catecholamines?
Ans: Adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine are called catecholamines. They are produced mainly by the adrenal medulla and are involved in stress response and nervous system functions.
23. Adrenal gland location & function.
Ans: The adrenal glands are located on the upper surface of each kidney like a cap. They help control stress response, metabolism, blood pressure, and salt-water balance. The medulla produces adrenaline, while the cortex produces cortisol and aldosterone.
24. Functions of Noradrenaline.
Ans: Noradrenaline increases heart rate, raises blood pressure, and prepares the body for emergency situations. It acts as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It improves alertness and focus and helps maintain blood pressure during stress.
25. What is Adrenal disorder?
Ans: Adrenal disorders occur when the adrenal glands produce too much or too little hormone. Examples include Addison’s disease (low cortisol), Cushing’s syndrome (excess cortisol), and hyperaldosteronism. These disorders affect stress response, metabolism, and blood pressure.
26. Difference between Insulin and Glucagon
Ans:
| Point | Insulin | Glucagon |
|---|---|---|
| Function | Lowers blood sugar | Increases blood sugar |
| How it works | Helps cells absorb glucose | Breaks down glycogen to glucose |
| Source | β (beta) cells of pancreas | α (alpha) cells of pancreas |
| When released | After meals (high glucose) | During fasting (low glucose) |
| Effect on body | Promotes storage of glucose | Releases stored glucose |
27. Difference between Hormone and Enzyme
Ans:
| Point | Hormone | Enzyme |
|---|---|---|
| Nature | Chemical messenger | Biological catalyst |
| Speed of action | Slow and long-lasting | Fast and short-acting |
| Where they act | On distant organs/tissues | At the site where produced |
| Source | Endocrine glands | Various body cells |
| Main role | Regulate body functions | Speed up chemical reactions |
28. Difference between Thyroxine and Adrenaline
Ans:
| Point | Thyroxine | Adrenaline |
|---|---|---|
| Speed of action | Slow and long-term | Very fast and short-term |
| Main function | Controls metabolism and growth | Prepares body for emergency (fight or flight) |
| Source gland | Thyroid gland | Adrenal medulla |
| Requirement | Needs iodine | Does not need iodine |
| Effect on body | Increases metabolic rate | Increases heart rate & blood pressure |
29. Difference between Endocrine and Exocrine Glands
Ans:
| Point | Endocrine Glands | Exocrine Glands |
|---|---|---|
| Ducts | No ducts (ductless) | Have ducts |
| Mode of secretion | Directly into blood | Into ducts or body surfaces |
| Product | Hormones | Enzymes, sweat, saliva, etc. |
| Examples | Thyroid, pituitary | Salivary glands, sweat glands |
| Function | Control body functions | Help in digestion/excretion |
30. Show the Glycogenesis process.
Ans: Glycogenesis is the process of converting excess glucose into glycogen for storage. It mainly occurs in the liver and muscles. When blood sugar increases, insulin activates enzymes that help store glucose as glycogen. This process helps maintain normal blood glucose levels.
31. From which word hormone is derived?
Ans: The word “hormone” comes from the Greek word “hormao”, which means “to stimulate” or “to excite.” It refers to substances that trigger actions in the body.
32. Which hormone was first discovered?
Ans: The first hormone discovered was Secretin. It was found by Bayliss and Starling during experiments on digestion. Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release digestive juices.
33. Who first termed the word hormone?
Ans: The term “hormone” was first used by Bayliss and Starling in 1902. They discovered the first hormone, secretin, while studying digestive secretions.
34. Which one acts as chemical co-ordinator in animal body?
Ans: Hormones act as chemical coordinators in the animal body which regulate and coordinate activities such as growth, metabolism, reproduction, and balance of body conditions.
35. What is the name of hormone-secreting glands?
Ans: Glands that secrete hormones are called endocrine glands. These glands are ductless and release hormones directly into the bloodstream. Examples include thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands.
36. Name a duct gland and a ductless gland in human body.
Ans: Duct gland (exocrine): Salivary gland
Ductless gland (endocrine): Thyroid gland
The first uses ducts, while the second releases hormones directly into the blood.
37. Name a gland which is situated within the human skull.
Ans: The pituitary gland is located inside the skull, at the base of the brain. It is also called the “master gland” because it controls other endocrine glands.
38. What is hypophysis?
Ans: Hypophysis is another name for the pituitary gland which located below the hypothalamus and controls many hormonal activities in the body. It has anterior, middle, and posterior lobes.
39. Name a gland present outside the body cavity.
Ans: The testis in males is present outside the body cavity in a sac called the scrotum. This location helps maintain lower temperature needed for sperm production.
40. Name a compound gland present in human body.
Ans: The pancreas is a compound gland because it has both endocrine (hormone-producing) and exocrine (enzyme-producing) functions.
41. Which one is the smallest endocrine gland of human body?
Ans: The pineal gland is the smallest endocrine gland which lies deep inside the brain and secretes melatonin, which regulates sleep–wake cycles.
42. Which gland is present in front of the neck?
Ans: The thyroid gland is present in front of the neck, on the trachea. It produces thyroxine and plays a major role in metabolism.
43. Which gland forms a hat-like structure on each kidney?
Ans: The adrenal glands sit on top of each kidney like a cap or hat. They secrete hormones like adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, and aldosterone.
44. Which endocrine gland is called the master gland?
Ans: The pituitary gland is called the master gland because it controls other endocrine glands through its hormones like TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH.
45. How many lobes are present in the pituitary and what are they?
Ans: The pituitary gland has three lobes:
- Anterior lobe – secretes major hormones
- Intermediate (middle) lobe
- Posterior lobe – stores and releases ADH and oxytocin
Each part has different hormonal functions.
46. Where is the pituitary gland located in your body?
Ans: The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain, inside a bony chamber called the sella turcica. It hangs below the hypothalamus.
47. Name the gland from which gonadotropic hormones are secreted.
Ans: Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. These hormones control the functions of ovaries and testes.
48. What is the common name of hormones which are secreted from the pituitary and affect other endocrine glands?
Ans: The hormones that are produced by the pituitary gland and control the activity of other endocrine glands are called tropic hormones. These hormones stimulate other glands to release their own hormones. Examples of such tropic hormones include TSH, which stimulates the thyroid gland, ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal cortex, and FSH and LH, which stimulate the ovaries and testes.
49. Why does one suffer from goitre?
Ans: Goitre occurs due to deficiency of iodine, which is essential for forming thyroxine. When thyroxine levels fall, the pituitary releases more TSH causing the thyroid gland to enlarge, forming a swelling in the neck.
50. Deficiency of which hormone causes diabetes insipidus?
Ans: Diabetes insipidus is caused by deficiency of ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone).
51. Mention the cause of diabetes mellitus.
Ans: Diabetes mellitus occurs due to lack of insulin or failure of cells to respond to insulin so glucose cannot enter cells and accumulates in the blood, causing high blood sugar, frequent urination, and thirst.
52. Deficiency of which hormone increases glucose level in blood?
Ans: A deficiency of insulin increases blood glucose levels. Without insulin, cells cannot absorb glucose from the blood so glucose remains in the bloodstream, leading to hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus.
53. From where is insulin secreted?
Ans: Insulin is secreted by the β (beta) cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas which helps control blood sugar by allowing cells to take in glucose and store excess glucose as glycogen.
54. What happens when insulin secretion from the pancreas decreases or stops?
Ans: When the pancreas produces less insulin or stops producing insulin, the body cells cannot take in glucose from the blood so the blood sugar level becomes very high, and excess glucose is passed out through the urine. The person suffers from frequent urination, excessive thirst, weight loss, tiredness and weakness. This condition is called diabetes mellitus.
55. Which one is known as the antidiabetogenic hormone?
Ans: Glucagon is known as the antidiabetogenic hormone because it increases blood glucose levels when they become too low. It works opposite to insulin and prevents dangerous drops in blood sugar.
56. What is the term used when the amount of glucose in blood increases?
Ans: The condition in which the level of glucose in the blood becomes higher than normal is called hyperglycemia. This commonly occurs in diabetes mellitus due to a lack of insulin or failure of insulin to work properly.
57. What is the term used when the amount of glucose in blood decreases?
Ans: A fall in the blood glucose level below the normal range is called hypoglycemia. This condition lead to dizziness, sweating, confusion, weakness and even fainting if the glucose level becomes very low.
58. What is the term used when glucose is present in urine?
Ans: When glucose appears in the urine, the condition is known as glycosuria. It happens when the blood sugar level becomes so high that the kidneys cannot reabsorb all the glucose, allowing some of it to pass out through urine.
59. Name the hormone secreted from α (Alpha) cells of Islets of Langerhans.
Ans: The α-cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas secrete glucagon, a hormone that increases the blood glucose level by converting stored glycogen into glucose in the liver.
60. State the site of Islets of Langerhans.
Ans: The Islets of Langerhans are located within the pancreas, scattered as small clusters of endocrine cells throughout the organ. These cells produce important hormones such as insulin and glucagon.
61. Name the sugar present in blood.
Ans: The sugar normally present in human blood is glucose, which serves as the chief source of energy for all body cells and tissues.
62. Name three hormones not secreted from the pituitary gland and mention their sources.
Ans:
- Insulin – pancreas
- Thyroxine – thyroid gland
- Adrenaline – adrenal medulla
These glands function independently of the pituitary.
63. Write any three characteristics of animal hormones.
Ans: Animal hormones act as chemical messengers and are produced in very small amounts.
- They travel through the blood to target organs.
- Their effects are slow but long-lasting.
- They help maintain homeostasis and coordinate body functions.
64. Mention three essential properties of a hormone.
Ans: Hormones act in very small concentrations.
- They are chemically stable inside the body.
- They are specific — each hormone acts only on its target cells.
- They help regulate and coordinate different body activities.
65. Name three hormones not secreted from the pituitary gland and mention their sources.
Ans:
• Insulin – pancreas
• Thyroxine – thyroid gland
• Adrenaline – adrenal medulla
66. What do you mean by tropic hormones?
Ans: Tropic hormones are hormones that control the activity of other endocrine glands.
They do not act directly on body organs but stimulate or regulate glands like the thyroid, adrenal, and gonads. Examples include TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH. They maintain hormonal balance and coordination in the body.
67. What is diabetes mellitus? What are the clinical conditions or changes observed in diabetes mellitus?
Ans: Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by lack of insulin or cells not responding to insulin.
This leads to high blood glucose levels. Symptoms include excessive urination, thirst, hunger, weight loss, glucose in urine, fatigue, and slow healing of wounds. Long-term effects may include kidney damage, nerve damage, and vision problems.
4. Long-type questions and answers
1. Mention pituitary hormones and their functions.
Ans: The pituitary gland produces many hormones that control different activities. Growth hormone helps in the growth of bones and muscles. Thyroid-stimulating hormone controls the activity of the thyroid gland. Adrenocorticotropic hormone controls the adrenal cortex. Follicle-stimulating hormone helps in the formation of eggs and sperm, while luteinizing hormone helps in ovulation and the production of testosterone. Prolactin is responsible for the production of milk in mothers.
2. What is an endocrine gland? Name eight endocrine glands.
Ans: An endocrine gland is a gland that produces hormones and releases them directly into the blood without using any duct. These hormones control various activities in the body. Examples of endocrine glands in humans include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas (endocrine part), ovaries or testes, hypothalamus and the pineal gland.
3. Name the hormones secreted from the pituitary gland.
Ans: The pituitary gland secretes several important hormones. These include growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and prolactin. The posterior pituitary also releases hormones like oxytocin and ADH, which are produced in the hypothalamus but stored and released from the pituitary.
4. What is hormone? Source and function of insulin.
Ans: A hormone is a chemical messenger secreted by endocrine glands to control various activities of the body. Insulin is produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans found in the pancreas. Its main functions are to lower the blood sugar level by helping body cells take in glucose and converting excess glucose into glycogen in the liver and muscles. In this way, insulin helps maintain normal blood sugar levels.
5. Location of pituitary gland and functions of its hormones.
Ans: The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus. Its hormones control many important body activities. They regulate growth, control the thyroid and adrenal glands, help in reproduction by affecting ovaries and testes, assist in milk formation in mothers and control water balance in the body through ADH. Because it controls many other glands, it is called the master gland.
6. Name three hormones. Disease due to hyposecretion of thyroxine.
Ans: Important hormones in the human body include insulin, thyroxine and adrenaline. When the thyroid gland secretes too little thyroxine, it leads to diseases. In children it causes cretinism, a condition where physical and mental growth is affected. In adults it causes myxoedema, in which the person becomes sluggish and gains weight.
7. Location of thyroid gland and functions of insulin.
Ans: The thyroid gland is located in the neck region, in front of the windpipe. Insulin is a hormone that plays a major role in controlling blood sugar levels. It helps the body cells absorb glucose from the blood and also converts extra glucose into glycogen in the liver and muscles. As a result, insulin lowers the blood sugar level.
8. Thyroid hormone and symptoms of hyper and hyposecretion.
Ans: The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine. When thyroxine is produced in excess, the person develops symptoms such as high heartbeat, restlessness, sweating, weight loss and protruding eyes (exophthalmic goitre). When thyroxine is produced in small amounts, the person becomes tired, gains weight easily and may develop a swollen neck called goitre. In children, low thyroxine causes poor physical and mental growth known as cretinism.
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