Chapter – 4 Industries Notes

Content Structure

1. Industries
2. Classification of industries
- 2A. Raw materials
- 2B. Size
- 2C. Ownership
3. Factors Affecting Location of Industries
- 3A. Industrial system
- 3B. Industrial Regions
- 3C. Distribution of Major Industries
4. Iron and steel industries
- 4A. Jamshedpur
- 4B. Pittsburgh

1. Industries

Industries are part of economic activities, where goods are made, services are provided, or resources are processed to satisfy people’s needs or wants.
Examples are the iron and steel industry (production of goods), the coal mining industry (extraction of coal), and the tourism industry (service provider).

Industry processes raw materials and converts them into finished goods. For example, paper is made from paper pulp, cloth is made from cotton fibers, and steel is made from iron ore.

2. Classification of industries

Industries are classified based on

Raw materials
Size
Ownership

2A. Raw materials

Industries are agro-based, mineral-based, marine-based, and forest-based depending on the type of raw materials.

Agro-based industries – Agro-based industries use plant and animal-based products as their raw materials. Examples are vegetable oil, cotton textiles, dairy products, and leather industries.
Minerals-based industries – Mineral-based industries are primary industries that use mineral ores as raw materials, these industries produce goods that support other industries. For example, iron is made from iron ore used to make heavy machinery, building materials, and railway coaches.
Marine based industries – Marine-based industries use materials from the sea or ocean, like fish, seafood, and fish oil, to make different products. Examples are seafood processing and fish oil production.
Forest-based industries – These industries use materials from forests, like wood, plants, and other natural resources, to make different products. Examples are paper production, pharmaceuticals, furniture-making, and construction.

2B. Size

It shows the amount of money invested, the number of workers, and how much is produced.

Small-scale and large-scale industries – Cottage or household industries are a type of small-scale industry, where the products are manufactured by hand, like pottery and handicrafts. These industries use a little money and technology. Examples of small-scale industries are silk weaving and food processing industries.
Large scale industries – Large-scale industries are big businesses that produce many products in large factories. They use advanced machines, a lot of workers, and big investments of money to run.
Examples of large-scale industries are steel plants, automobile factories, and textile mills.

2C. Ownership

Ownership means having control, rights, or legal responsibility.

Private sector industries – Private sector industries are owned and run by individuals, groups, or private companies, focusing on making profits and meeting customer needs.
Public sector industries – Public sector industries are owned and managed by the government. Examples of public sector industries are Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and the Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL).
Joint sector industries – Joint sector industries are owned and managed jointly by the government and private individuals or groups. An example of a joint sector industry is Maruti Udyog Limited.
Co-operative sector – Co-operative sector industries are owned and managed by the producers, suppliers of raw materials, workers, or a combination of these groups. Anand Milk Union Limited (AMUL) and Sudha Dairy are notable examples of successful cooperative ventures.

3. Factors Affecting Location of Industries

The factors affecting the location of industries are the availability of raw materials, land, water, labour, power, capital, transport, and market; they were built where some or all of these things are easy to find. The government offers help like cheaper electricity, lower transport costs, and better facilities to encourage industries to open in less developed areas, which helps industries work efficiently and make profits.

3A. Industrial system

An industrial system has three parts: inputs (raw materials), processes (activities), and outputs (finished products).

The inputs are the raw materials, labour and costs of land, transport, power, and other infrastructure.
The processes include various activities that convert the raw material into finished products.
The outputs are the end product and the income earned from it.

For example, the textile industry’s inputs may be cotton, human labour, factory, and transport costs. The processes include ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, and printing. The output is the shirt you wear.

3B. Industrial Regions

An industrial region is an area where many industries are located close to each other. Major industrial regions of the world are Eastern North America, Western and Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Eastern Asia. These are located in temperate areas, near seaports and coal fields, because they develop factors like access to raw materials, good transportation, skilled workers, and government support.

India has several industrial regions, like the Mumbai-Pune cluster, the Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region, the Hugli region, the Ahmedabad-Baroda region, the Chottanagpur industrial belt, the Vishakhapatnam-Guntur belt, the Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region, and the Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram industrial cluster.

3C. Distribution of Major Industries

The distribution of major industries, where important industries are located around the world, major industries like iron and steel, textiles, and automobiles are spread across different regions based on resources, labour, and markets. The textile industry is the oldest industry.

The countries where the iron and steel industry is located are Germany, the USA, China, Japan, and Russia; the textile industry is concentrated in India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan.

The main centers of the information technology industry are the Silicon Valley of Central California and the Bangalore region of India.

4. Iron and steel industries

The iron and steel industry uses materials like iron ore, coal, and limestone, combined with labor and money, to produce steel. The process involves melting and cleaning in a blast furnace. Steel is strong, easy to shape, and can be mixed with metals like aluminum or copper for added strength. It’s called the backbone of modern industry because it’s used in nearly all things, like ships, trains, cars, buildings, tools, and machines essential for many industries.
Before 1800, the iron and steel industry was located near raw materials, water, and power sources. Later, it moved closer to coal fields and transport routes like canals and railways.
After 1950, it was built near seaports because they needed flat land and imported iron ore from other countries.
In India, these industries are taking advantage of raw materials, cheap labour, transport, and the market.
Steel-producing centers like Bhilai, Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, and Bokaro are situated in a region that spreads over four states — West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh. Bhadravati and Vijay Nagar in Karnataka, Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, and Salem in Tamil Nadu are other important steel centers utilising local resources.

4A. Jamshedpur

Before 1947, there was only one iron and steel plant in India – Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO) that was privately owned. After independence, the government took the initiative and set up several iron and steel plants.
TISCO was started in 1907 at Sakchi, near the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai in Jharkhand; later on, Sakchi was renamed Jamshedpur.
Jamshedpur is the best-located iron and steel center in the country; Sakchi was chosen to set up the steel plant for several reasons. This place was only 32 km away from Kalimati station on the Bengal-Nagpur railway line, which was close to the iron ore, coal, and manganese deposits in Odisha and Chhattisgarh. The Jharia coalfields supply coal, and the Kharkai and Subarnarekha rivers provide water. Government support helped its growth.
TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) was the first major plant, and other factories followed, making chemicals, locomotive parts, machinery, tinplate, cables, and wires. These industries became the base of India’s industrial growth because many industries depend on them for important materials. It includes both big steel plants and smaller ones.

4B. Pittsburgh

It is an important steel city in the United States of America, and the steel industry in Pittsburgh has many benefits. Local coal is easily available, and iron ore is brought from Minnesota, about 1500 km away. The Great Lakes waterway makes transporting iron ore cheap and easy, and trains deliver it to Pittsburgh. The Ohio, Monongahela, and Allegheny rivers supply plenty of water.
Now most steel mills are not directly in Pittsburgh but in nearby river valleys along the Monongahela, Allegheny, and Ohio rivers. Finished steel is transported to markets using both land and water routes.
The Pittsburgh area factorised are made products like railroad equipment, heavy machinery, and rails.